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<title>Descriptive botanical name</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Descriptive botanical name</span></span>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>Descriptive botanical names</b> are <a href="Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">scientific names</a> of groups of plants that are irregular, not being derived systematically from the name of a <a href="Type_genus" title="Type genus">type genus</a>. They may describe some characteristics of the group in general or may be a name already in existence before regularised scientific nomenclature.

</p><p>Descriptive names can occur above or at the rank of <a href="Rank_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank (botany)">family</a>. There is only a single descriptive below the rank of family (the subfamily <a href="Papilionoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Papilionoideae">Papilionoideae</a>).

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Above_the_rank_of_family">Above the rank of family</h2></div>

<p>Descriptive names above the rank of family are governed by Article 16<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae%2C_fungi%2C_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants</a> (ICN), which rules that a name above the rank of family may either be ‘automatically typified’ (such as Magnoliophyta and Magnoliopsida from the type genus <i>Magnolia</i>) or be descriptive.

</p><p>Descriptive names of this type may be used unchanged at different ranks (without modifying the suffix). These descriptive plant names are decreasing in importance, becoming less common than ‘automatically typified names’, but many are still in use, such as:

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<dl><dd>Plantae, <a href="Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a>, <a href="Musci" class="mw-redirect" title="Musci">Musci</a>, <a href="Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a>, <a href="Embryophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryophyta">Embryophyta</a>, <a href="Tracheophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracheophyta">Tracheophyta</a>, <a href="Spermatophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyta">Spermatophyta</a>, <a href="Gymnospermae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gymnospermae">Gymnospermae</a>, <a href="Coniferae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniferae">Coniferae</a>, <a href="Coniferales" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniferales">Coniferales</a>, <a href="Angiospermae" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiospermae">Angiospermae</a>, <a href="Monocotyledones" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocotyledones">Monocotyledones</a>, <a href="Dicotyledones" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicotyledones">Dicotyledones</a>, etc.</dd></dl>

<p>Many of these descriptive names have a very long history, often preceding <a href="Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>. Some are <a href="Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> common nouns in the <a href="Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> plural, meaning for instance ‘the plants’, ‘the seaweeds’, ‘the mosses’. Like all names above the rank of family, these names follow the Latin grammatical rules of nouns in the plural, and are written with an initial capital letter.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="At_the_rank_of_family">At the rank of family</h2></div>

<p>Article 18.5<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the ICN allows a descriptive name, of long usage, for the following eight families. For each of these families there also exists a name based on the name of an included genus (an alternative name that is also allowed, here in parentheses):

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<ul><li>Compositae = "<a href="Composite_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite flower">composites</a>" (alternative name: Asteraceae, based on the genus <a href="Aster_(genus)" title="Aster (genus)"><i>Aster</i></a>)</li>

<li>Cruciferae = "cross-bearers" (alternative name: Brassicaceae, based on the genus <i><a href="Brassica" title="Brassica">Brassica</a></i>)</li>

<li>Gramineae = "grasses" (alternative name: Poaceae, based on the genus <i><a href="Poa" title="Poa">Poa</a></i>)</li>

<li>Guttiferae = "latex-carriers" (alternative name: Clusiaceae, based on the genus <i><a href="Clusia" title="Clusia">Clusia</a></i>)</li>

<li>Labiatae = "lipped ones" (alternative name: Lamiaceae, based on the genus <i><a href="Lamium" title="Lamium">Lamium</a></i>)</li>

<li>Leguminosae = "legumes" (alternative name: Fabaceae, based on the genus <i>Faba</i>, now considered a section of genus <i><a href="Vicia" title="Vicia">Vicia</a></i>)</li>

<li>Palmae = "palms" (alternative name: Arecaceae, based on the genus <i><a href="Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></i>)</li>

<li>Umbelliferae = "parasol-bearers" (alternative name: Apiaceae, based on the genus <i><a href="Apium" title="Apium">Apium</a></i>)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subfamily">Subfamily</h2></div>

<p>Special provision has been made in Article 19.8 for the plant subfamily name <a href="Papilionoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Papilionoideae">Papilionoideae</a> to be an alternative name of the subfamily Faboideae,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the family Papilionaceae had previously been <a href="Conserved_name" title="Conserved name">conserved</a> when many botanists considered it to be a separate family from Fabaceae (Leguminosae).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This name is not based on any plant genus named <i><a href="Papilio" title="Papilio">Papilio</a></i> (a butterfly), but is a descriptive name meaning that the plant has butterfly-like flowers.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=art16">"International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants"</a>. 2012.</cite> Article 16</span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=art18">"International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants"</a>. 2012.</cite> Article 18</span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=art19">"International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants"</a>. 2012.</cite> Article 19</span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLanjouw,_J.Sprague,_T.A.1935" class="citation journal cs1">Lanjouw, J.; Sprague, T.A. (1935). "Additions and Amendments to the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature, Ed. 3: (35) Appendix Ii. Nomina Familiarum conservanda". <i>Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens, Kew)</i>. <b>1935</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">79–</span>82. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4107153">10.2307/4107153</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4107153">4107153</a>.</cite></span>

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